Suchergebnisse

La thèse comporte deux parties. Dans la première partie (Chapitres 1 et 2), un examen des déterminants des interventions officielles sur le marché des changes est proposée. Dans la second partie (Chapitres 3 et 4), c'est la problématique des interventions dites « secrètes » qui est étudiée. Chapitre 1: « Talks, financial operations or both » Ce chapitre propose une nouvelle approche aux fonctions de réaction permettant d'examiner, dans un même modèle, les déterminants des différents types d'interventions (les interventions effectives et les interventions orales). Le modèle permet de mieux comprendre les choix stratégiques des autorités (opérations financières ou simple politique de communication) et d'en évaluer le degré de substituabilité ou de complémentarité. Chapitre 2 :« The institutional organization underlying interventions » La structure institutionnelle sous-jacente au processus d'intervention (interactions entre le Ministère des finances et la banque centrale) est explicitement incorporée dans le modèle proposé dans ce chapitre. Cette approche permet d'évaluer, dans quelle mesure, le Ministère des finances (l'autorité responsable de la politique de change), en intervenant sur le marché, internalise les objectifs de la banque centrale(l'agent du Ministère pour l'implémentation des ordres d'intervention). Chapitre 3 :« The secrecy puzzle » Ce chapitre propose une évaluation empirique des différents arguments théoriques expliquant le recours aux interventions secrètes. Le travail repose sur l'examen économétrique d'une fonction de stratégie, dans laquelle, des déterminants relatifs à la décision d'intervenir secrètement d'une part et, d'autre part, des déterminants relatifs à la détection des interventions par le marché sont incorporés. Chapitre 4 :« A unified approach to interventions » Un modèle unique, permettant d'expliquer les trois étapes du processus d'intervention, est proposé dans ce chapitre. Ces trois étapes sont relatives (i) au choix d'intervenir, (ii) au choix d'intervenir de façon secrète ...

Las certificaciones de dominio del inglés han estado en el mercado desde la década de 1960, cuando se crearon como consecuencia de la demanda de estudiantes extranjeros en las universidades de América del Norte. No hubo que promocionar ni comercializar, ya que era un requisito de las universidades para los candidatos que esperaban ingresar a diferentes programas de educación superior. Esta situación creó el entorno perfecto para las organizaciones que administran certificaciones de exámenes para generar estrategias de marketing centradas en el producto más que en el cliente, similar a lo que tradicionalmente ha sucedido con el marketing educativo. ; Abstract. Introduction. State of the art. Theoretical framework. Methodology. English proficiency certifications. Government supported English Proficiency Tests. IELTS (International English Language Testing System). TOEFL (The Test of English as Foreign Language). Independent English Proficiency Tests.TECS - Test of English Communication Skills. APTIS. TOEIC – Test of English for International Communication. ITEP. Country analysis. Brazil. Chile. Colombia. México. Perú. Porter 5 forces analysis for the english proficiency testing industry. Power of suppliers. Threat of new entrants. Power of buyer. Power of substitutes. Industry rivalry. Customer asset marketing diagnosis to english proficiency certifications. International Language Testing Organization, creators of the TECS. British Council, creators of the APTIS test. Boston Educational Service, developers of the ITEP. Conclusions and suggested strategy. ; Magíster en Administración de Empresas ; English Proficiency Certifications have been in the market since the 1960´s when they were created as a consequence of the demand of foreign students in the North American universities. Neither promotion nor marketing had to be undertaken since it was a requirement from Universities to candidates expecting to enter different higher education programs. This situation created the perfect environment for the organizations administering exam certifications to generate marketing strategies focused in the product more than the customer, similar to what has traditionally happened with education marketing. ; Maestría

Intervening in the FX market implies a complex decision process for central banks. Monetary authorities have to decide whether to intervene or not, and if so, when and how. Since the successive steps of this procedure are likely to be highly interdependent, we adopt a nested logit approach to capture their relationships and to characterize the prominent features of the various steps of the intervention decision. Our findings shed some light on the determinants of central bank interventions, on the so-called secrecy puzzle and on the identification of the variables influencing the detection of foreign exchange transactions by market traders.

Abstract
Background
Much applied research on the consequences of conflicts for health suffers from data limitations, particularly the absence of longitudinal data spanning pre-, during- and post-conflict periods for affected individuals. Such limitations often hinder reliable measurement of the causal effects of conflict and their pathways, hampering also the design of effective post-conflict health policies. Researchers have sought to overcome these data limitations by conducting ex-post surveys, asking participants to recall their health and living standards before (or during) conflict. These questions may introduce important analytical biases due to recall error and misreporting.

Methods
We investigate how to implement ex-post health surveys that collect recall data, for conflict-affected populations, which is reliable for empirical analysis via standard quantitative methods. We propose two complementary strategies based on methods developed in the psychology and psychometric literatures—the Flashbulb and test-retest approaches—to identify and address recall bias in ex-post health survey data. We apply these strategies to the case study of a large-scale health survey which we implemented in Colombia in the post-peace agreement period, but that included recall questions referring to the conflict period.

Results
We demonstrate how adapted versions of the Flashbulb and test-retest strategies can be used to test for recall bias in (post-)conflict survey responses. We also show how these test strategies can be incorporated into post-conflict health surveys in their design phase, accompanied by further ex-ante mitigation strategies for recall bias, to increase the reliability of survey data analysis—including by identifying the survey modules, and sub-populations, for which empirical analysis is likely to yield more reliable causal inference about the health consequences of conflict.

Conclusions
Our study makes a novel contribution to the field of applied health research in humanitarian settings, by providing practical methodological guidance for the implementation of data collection efforts in humanitarian contexts where recall information, collected from primary surveys, is required to allow assessments of changes in health and wellbeing. Key lessons include the importance of embedding appropriate strategies to test and address recall bias into the design of any relevant data collection tools in post-conflict or humanitarian contexts.

Abstract
Introduction
In Colombia, research on health and conflict has focused on mental health, psychosocial care, displacement, morbidity, and mortality. Few scientific studies have assessed health system functioning during armed conflicts. In a new period characterized by the implementation of the peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) armed group, understanding the effects of armed conflict on the health system, the functions, and institutions shaped by the conflict is an opportunity to understand the pathways and scope of post-conflict health policy reforms. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of armed conflict on the health system, response, and mechanisms developed to protect medical missions during armed conflict in Colombia.

Methods
This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The qualitative guide collected information in four sections: (1) conflict and health system, effects and barriers in health service provision, (2) actions and coordination to cope with those barriers, (3) health policies and armed conflict, and (4) post-accord and current situation. Twenty-two people participated in the interviews, including eight policymakers at the national level and seven at the local level, including two NGOs and five members of international organizations. An academic project event in December 2019 and four focus groups were developed (World Cafe technique) to discuss with national and local stakeholders the effects of armed conflict on the health system and an analytical framework to analyze its consequences.

Results
The conflict affected the health-seeking behavior of the population, limited access to healthcare provision, and affected health professionals, and was associated with inadequate medical supplies in conflict areas. The health system implemented mechanisms to protect the medical mission, regulate healthcare provision in conflict areas, and commit to healthcare provision (mental and physical health services) for the population displaced by conflict.

Conclusion
The state's presence, trust, and legitimacy have significantly reduced in recent years. However, it is crucial to restore them by ensuring that state and health services are physically present in all territories, including remote and rural areas.

La cadena global de valor del turismo médico tiene alto potencial para generar beneficios en Colombia porque el país ha desarrollado capacidades relevantes en el sector de la salud y en la cadena turística especializada para atender la demanda de este sector, posicionándolo como destino reconocido en turismo de salud. Pero aún falta mayor conocimiento de su dinámica, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en analizar la capacidad de la cadena global de valor de turismo médico a nivel nacional para crear ventaja competitiva según el postulado del economista estadounidense, Michael Porter. La metodología de investigación se basó en el diseño documental y análisis cualitativo. Así, los resultados obtenidos reflejaron que las ventajas competitivas están en la diferenciación de precios y calidad, reforzadas por las políticas públicas y privadas, que han derivado en un alto crecimiento del sector desde 2012 hasta 2019, antes de la pandemia del SARS-CoV2. El turismo médico es un sector emergente y valioso para la economía del país, por lo que hace parte del Programa de Transformación Productiva -PTP (política pública de competitividad nacional para impulsar veinte sectores económicos estratégicos para el país, emitida en 2012). Como proyección, se espera que el crecimiento del turismo médico en el país se pueda recuperar y sobrepasar la dinámica de crecimiento que tenía antes de la pandemia, con las estrategias de reactivación económica de la postpandemia, en el corto y mediano plazo, a partir del segundo semestre del año 2021, ya que la infraestructura del sector de salud se mejoró sustancialmente con la emergencia sanitaria debido a la alta inversión pública y privada.